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Pedro (Parte prima) |
Pedro Almodóvar: a question of identities (Part 1) |
Note: - E' disponibile una versione pdf di questo Dossier. - Alcuni video di YouTube, segnalati dal simbolo forniscono sottotitoli generati automaticamente. Clicca qui per dettagli su come visualizzarli. 1. Introduzione |
Notes: - A pdf version of this Dossier is available. - Some YouTube videos, featuring the icon, provide automatically generated subtitles. Click here to see how to visualize them. 1. Introduction |
"Voglio dire,
un ragazzo che viene da un villaggio, che tenta solo di sopravvivere e
tutto questo tipo di cose che succedono solo nei film. E' una storia
impossibile, ma è successa così. E' una sorpresa che io stia facendo dei
film, perchè nel mio caso era quaasi impossibile pensarlo. Non sono nato
nel posto giusto nella famiglia giusta nella città giusta nella lingua
giusta o nel momento giusto per fare film. Ma l'ho fatto, così è come
sognare di fare il torero se sei nato in Giappone o in Inghilterra ...
Volevo raccontare delle storie; volevo solo raccontare delle storie con
immagini in movimento, Super 8, 35 mm, qualunque cosa. E ho cominciato a
farlo appena ho potuto. Prima di fare film veri e propri, ho fatto film
in Super 8 per dieci anni solo con una piccola telecamera. Per me,
quello era fare il regista, non andare a ricevere una nomination per
un Oscar a Hollywood" P |
Pedro Almodóvar (Note 1) |
In questa lunga citazione da in'untervista,
P La maturazione personale e artistica di 2. "Nato nel posto e nel momento sbagliato ..." Nato nella regione spagnola centro-meridionale conosciuta come "La Mancha", da una famiglia di contadini, e trasferitosi all'età di otto anni più a ovest, nell'Estremadura, 3. La prima identità e gli esordi madrileni Alla fine degli anni '60 Questi anni di cinema "povero" ma combattivo sono ben documentati nel suo primo vero lungometraggio, Pepi, Luci, Bom e le altre ragazze del mucchio (1980), frutto di un lavoro realizzato nell'arco di un anno e mezzo, dove la rottura col passato e l'adesione quasi eversiva ad una cultura progressista e libertaria sono evidenti nella messa in scena kitsch se non volgare, tra il fumetto, la pubblicità più becera, la soap opera e il cattivo gusto, nell'uso sfacciato dei colori, nel trattamento senza inibizioni delle tematiche sessuali. Tutto ciò costituiva innanzitutto una reazione, non tanto di carattere politico, quanto di tipo più ampiamente culturale, al mondo che la nuova Spagna aveva tanta voglia di lasciarsi alle spalle. I due video qui sotto testimoniano queste scelte di contenuto e di stile del giovane |
Almodóvar's personal and artistic development has gone through a constant awareness and first-person experience of a range of identities: ethnic, geographic, historical, cultural, professional, sexual and gender-based ... His movies are witness to this constant reappraisal of multiple identities, to this skill and will to define himself and define his cinema in the changing contexts of a forty-year-old career. 2. "Born in the wrong place, at the wrong time ..." Born in the 3. Almodóvar's initial identity and his Madrid beginnings At the end of the '60s Almodóvar arrived in Madrid, where he soon became a front-line figure of what would later be called "La Movida", a context made o0f rock, punk, "new wave" music, performances and shows which were transgressive as well as open to experimentation, at a time when, with Franco's death in 1975, Spain found itself suddenly "freed" from repression and ready to embrace new sensibilities, which would soon enable it to make up for the long years of cultural and political isolation with respect to the rest of Europe. Using his Super 8 camera, Almodóvar started to shoot "amateur" movies, which he personally wrote, produced, directed and often interpreted - with a frantic wish to capture the new sense of freedom, but also with the conscious intention to build his own image as an alternative "author", in direct opposition to the "author" Spanish cinema of the '70s - drawing extensively from the "new " culture and its expressions - from pop music to cartoons, from underground magazines to advertising, from avant-garde plays to his own performances as an actor. These financially limited but openly transgressive film experiences are well documented in his first real feature, Pepi, Luci, Bom and other girls on the heap (1980), the result of an eighteen-month long work, where the break with the past and the almost subversive acceptance of a progressive and "anarchic" culture are very clear in the kitsch - if not plainly vulgar - mise-en-scène, drawing from comic strips, cheap advertisements, soap operas and bad taste, in the shameless use of bright colours, in the uninhibited treatment of sexual themes. All this was meant to be, first and foremost, a reaction, more broadly cultural rather than strictly political, to the world that the new Spain yearned to do away with. The two videos below highlight the young Almodóvar's choices of both themes and style: in Video 1, the easy-going and provocative advertisement for a very peculiar kind of "woman's panties" (fit for several uses), and in Video 2, the preposterous show called "General Erections" (with its competition for the longest penis ...) - a more than explicit reference to the important general elections of 1982 (which saw the victory of Felipe Gonzales' Socialist Party and Spain's swift and fast move towards democratic freedom). |
Video 1 Video 2
Pepi, Luci, Bom y otras chicas del montÓn (1980) - Pepi, Luci, Bom e le altre ragazze del mucchio - Pepi, Luci, Bom and other girls on the heap (1980)
Nel contempo, però,
questo primo lungometraggio attesta già alcuni temi fondanti della
cinema di 4. Alla scoperta di nuove identità: i film "giocosi" In un'intervista, Torneremo su queste diverse fasi dell'opera di |
4. Discovering new identities: the "gay" movies In an interview, Almodóvar stated that he sees his movies as falling into three groups. First came the decade of playful, often kitschy films, full of humor and nonsense. This was followed by a decade of moody melodrama that blended the psychological thrills of Hitchcock with the perfumed swoon of Douglas Sirk ... Almodóvar begins this period with Kika ... In his career’s third phase, pain is more present and emotions are less cut with irony. Talk to Her, Bad Education and The Skin I Live In all reflect this darker mode ... Almodóvar is very proud of Julieta, which he considers as the movie that starts a fourth phase in his career" (Note 2). We shall come back to these different phases in Almodóvar's career, but for the time being let's concentrate on the movies that he described as "playful" - movies which develop, although with different nuances, the tone of his first featue film. Labirynth of passions (1982), for example, still retains the atmosphere of the "Movida", with a sort of "photostory" plot which verges on the surreal: a nymphomanic, the leader of a rock group, and a transvestite homosexual, always on the run from a group of Khomeinists, fall in love, with a background of other characters all suffering from alcohol, drugs or sex problems. Almodóvar sees this movie as a "screwball" comedy à la Billy Wilder , but shows his consideration for a pop narrative style, which was typical, for instance, of the first Beatles film A hard day's night (by Richard Lester, GB 1963). In his explicit gay aesthetic, he seems to challenge social authorities as well as all scientific discourse about sexuality. In Video 2 below, Almodóvar himself shows up as a transvestite singer in a cheeky rock performance, while in Video 3 you can watch the whole film in Spanish, with automatically generated subtitles; Video 1 is the theatrical trailer. |
Video 1 Video 2
Video 3
Laberinto de pasiones - Labirinto di passioni - Labirynth of passions (1982)
Anche nel successivo
film, L'indiscreto fascino del peccato Eppure, In questo film, inoltre, |
An yet, Almodóvar said that this was "the movie where for the first time I dared to tell a very sentimental and melodramatic story" (Note 3), Indeed, the action takes place in an urban context, where women in particular have to face the problems linked to internal migration (which we mentioned earlier), and they do it with melodramatic tones - a melodrama, however, which, in order to clearly underscore the gap with the (recent) Spanish past, Almodóvar imbues with quotations from classical American melodramas (Douglas Sirk in the first place). Such melodramas, though, are re-enacted in a new, original way by the women themselves, who assert their independence and autonomy, which are closely linked with their desperate yearning for love and passion. In this movie, Almodóvar stresses even more the presence and function of the musical score, which, as in all movies of the melodrama "genre", voices the characters' feelings and passions. Music and songs are therefore diegetic, since they originate from the actual mise-en-scène, as we can see in Video 1 below. Without inhibitions, the sacred and the profane are mixed - or rather, religious practices offer the opportunity not just to stage a show, but also to express all the aspects of love: see, for example, Video 2 below, where the nuns' prayer, which is centred on the theme of "the kiss"(!!!), probes the meaning of this sign as a symbol of love and passion. |
Video 1 Video 2
Entre tinieblas - L'indiscreto fascino del peccato - Dark habits (1983)
Divenuto improvvisamente
celebre a livello internazionale, soprattutto come "autore" della nuova
Spagna irriverente e pronto ad abbattere ogni tabù, Anche in questo film non mancano le citazioni cinefile e musicali: all'inizio del film il figlio maggiore di Gloria va a vedere con la nonna Splendore nell'erba (di Elia Kazan, USA 1960); c'è una parodia di una famosa scena di Psyco (di Alfred Hitchcock, USA 1960); e (Video 2 qui sotto) durante una scena di sesso (quasi uno stupro) tra Gloria e il marito, si sente l'inizio di una musica, che subito dopo prosegue in una scena in cui lo stesso |
In this movie, too, filmic and musical quotations abound: at the start of the movie Gloria's elder son goes to the cinema with his grandmother to see Splendor in the grass (by Elia Kazan, Usa 1960); there is a parody of a famous scene from Psycho (by Alfred Hitchcock, USA 1960); and (see Video 2 below) during a sex (nearly a rape) scene between Gloria and her husband, we hear the beginning of a musical theme, which is immediately followed by a scene in which Almodóvar himself, dressed as an hussar, sings the song to his partner, who is dressed as Scarlet O'Hara in Gone with the wind (by Victor Fleming, USA 1939). With bitter irony, the song, "La bien paga" ("The well paid"), a Spanish hit of the '40s, is meant to stress Gloria's condition, a woman who is at the same time dominated by men and yet showing an indomitable strength, "a novel Scarlet". |
Video 1 Video 2
¿Qué he hecho yo para merecer esto? - Che ho fatto io per meritare questo? - What have I done to deserve this? (1984)
5. Tra
melodramma e thriller Gratificato dal successo di pubblico e di critica, nei film successivi Non a caso questi suoi nuovi film, a partire da Matador (vedi i trailer qui sotto), prendono in prestito elementi del noir americano classico, in cui proprio le identità di genere erano spesso state messe in discussione, con le figure maschili degli investigatori disillusi e falliti e delle figure femminili spesso dipinte come femmes fatales determinate, sessualmente attive e predatrici del ruolo e dello status maschili - mettendo quindi in discussione la tradizione eterosessuale-patriarcale che sin dall'inizio è stato uno dei bersagli del cinema di |
Gratified by both audience and critics, in his next movies Almodóvar turns towards a cinema which, on the one hand, clearly shows a more personal style, and on the other hand, gets closer to Hollywood models, which will soon launch his career on a truly international scale - although still retaining the use of themes and images from "his" Spain (such as bullfighting and religion), while at the same time widening the global appeal and the opportunity to reach wider audiences. It is not by chance that his new films, starting from Matador (see the trailers below), borrow elements from classical American film noir, where traditional gender identities were often debated, starting with the images of disillusioned male detectives and of female characters often portrayed as determined, sexually active femmes fatales ready to attack the male role and status - thus |
Matador (1986)
Nel successivo La
legge del desiderio, In questo film, ad esempio, la trama da thriller svela in realtà una messa in scena di desideri e passioni che sono la vera forza motrice del film. Pablo (Eusebio Poncela), un regista gay, è legato in maniera strettissima con la sorella Tina (ancora Carmen Maura), che si rivela essere un transessuale, abusato dal padre nell'infanzia e forse anche per questo indotto a cambiare sesso. Pablo è perdutamente quanto infelicemente innamorato di Juan (Miguel Molina), ma intreccia una breve e focosa relazione con un altro ragazzo, Antonio (Antonio Banderas, in una delle sue prime interpretazioni di rilievo)(Video 1 qui sotto). Antonio è però così geloso da arrivare ad uccidere Juan. Nel finale del film, individuato dalla polizia, Antonio prende in ostaggio Tina e promette di consegnarsi solo dopo un'ora d'amore con Pablo, al termine della quale si uccide. Raccontare la trama dei film di E non possiamo dimenticare che questa ri-creazione di identità passa attraverso la dimensione delle performance audio-visive in cui vediamo impegnati continuamente i personaggi: due doppiatori le cui voci che, all'inizio del film, si sovrappongono alla scena erotica che viene contemporaneamente filmata; una lettera che Pablo sta scrivendo, e che viene letta a voce alta sia da lui che da altri personaggi (Video 2 qui sotto); lo spettacolo in cui Tina recita un lungo monologo di Jean Cocteau (La voce umana); le canzoni, spesso famosi motivi tradizionali spagnoli (ma anche messicani, cubani, francesi ... e persino italiani: Guarda che luna di Fred Buscaglione), che accompagnano nostalgicamente tutto il film. |
In this movie, for example, the "thriller" plot actually unveils a mise-en-scène of passions and desires which are the true working mechanism of the movie. Pablo (Eusebio Poncela), a gay film director, is very close to his sister Tina (Carmen Maura), who turns out to be a transexual, who was abused by her father in her childhood and, maybe owing to this, decided to change her sex. Pablo is madly in love with Juan (Miguel Molina) - a dramatically unrequited love - but starts a short, passionate love story with another boy, Antonio (Antonio Banderas, in one of his early important appearances)(see Video 1 below). Antonio, however, is so terribly jealous that ends up killing Juan. Towards the end of the movie, Antonio, spotted by the police in Pablo's apartment, takes Tina as a hostage and promises to give himself up to the police only after an hour's love-making with Pablo - finally killing himself. Describing the plots of Almodóvar' movies is never a simple thing, since they are full of events and, as we said, are subject to constant twists and turns; besides, by reducing these plots to a mere succession of events risks losing sight of the characters' psychological traits as well as the complexity of their relationships. In this case, for example, there is a range of important themes at stake. First of all, there is the close link between film creation and identity definition: Pablo is a film director, but he is also a screenwriter (he has written a script about his sister Tina's life), and is also a keen writer of love letters, for himself and for others. Then there is the explicit intention to expose the complexity of sexual and gender identities, which almost tends to shape a new family model, quite the opposite of the traditional image of the patriarchal Spanish family: Pablo is gay, the transexual Tina's father was actually gay, and now she has a lesbian relationship with a transexual, who is the father of her daughter. In this re-establishment of sexual and role relationships there is no trace of homophobia or gay pride, nor of any sense of guilt. The new paradigm is taken nearly for granted. Sexual and gender identity is not seen as a biological fact bu rather as an active re-creation of new personal and social identities. We cannot forget that this re-creation of identities is staged through audio-visual performances in which the characters are constantly involved: two dubbers whose voices, at the film's start, are superimposed on an erotic scene which is being filmed; a letter that Pablo is writing, which is read aloud by himself and by other characters (see Video 2 below); the show where Tina plays a long monologue by Jean Cocteau (The human voice); the songs, often well-known traditional Spanish hits (and not just Spanish, but Mexican, Cuban, French ... even Italian: Guarda che luna by Itaoian singer Fred Buscaglione) which we hear throughout the movie with a hint of nostalgia. |
Video 1 Video 2
La ley del deseo - La legge del desiderio - Law of desire (1987)
6. Verso una
nuova maturazione di identità Dopo aver vinto numerosi premi con La legge del desiderio, che costituì anche il suo più grosso successo di pubblico, Essenziali ancora una volta sono gli elementi audio-visivi, e in particolare le voci, attraverso cui si delineano sia le identità dei personaggi che la difficoltà, se non l'imposssibilità della comunicazione, spesso mediata a scapito del rapporto diretto: il telefono, le segreterie telefoniche, le cassette, i dischi, i notiziari televisivi, le canzoni sono una costante di tutto il film (vedi i video qui sotto). Non a caso vediamo nel Video 4, in una sequenza di fantasia (in bianco e nero), Ivan che, dopo essersi rinfrescato l'alito, cammina con un microfono in mano, facendo commenti salaci quanto stupidi man mano che incontra figure femminili; e non a caso Pepa e Ivan sono doppiatori, e li vediamo doppiare (sia pure, significativamente, non assieme) Sterling Hayden e Joan Crawford in Johnny Guitar (di Nicholas Ray, USA 1954). |
After winning a number of prizes with Law od desire, which was also his biggest box-office success that far, in his next movie, Women on the verge of a nervous breakdown, Almodóvar's work begins to accentuate its international appeal. The new movie is a sort of "sophisticated comedy" in the wake of the Hollywood comedies of the '30s and beyond, full of cinematic quotations. Links can clearly be found with How to marry a millionaire (by Jean Negulesco, USA 1953), Funny face (by Stanley Donen, USA 1957) and The apartment (by Billy Wilder, USA 1960)(Nota 4), as well as with Douglas Sirk's melodramas of the '50s; at the same time, however, Audio-visual elements are, once again, at the forefront: voices, in particular, describe both the characters' identities and the difficulty, if not the impossibility, of communication, which is often of a mediated kind, replacing direct relationships: telephones, answering machines, audio cassettes, records, TV news programmes, songs constantly appear throughout the movie (see the videos below). It is not by chance that, in Video 4, in a black-and-white fantasy sequence, |
Video 1 Video2
Video 3 Video 4
Mujeres al borde de un ataque de nervios - Donne sull'orlo di una crisi di nervi - Women on the verge of a nervous breakdown (1988)
Donne sull'orlo di
una crisi di nervi fu accolto molto favorevolmente da critica e
pubblico, aggiudicandosi numerosissimi premi, tra cui, innanzitutto, la
nomination agli Oscar per il migliore film straniero, e poi il premio
per la migliore sceneggiatura al Festival di Venezia, miglior film e
migliore attrice protagonista (Carmen Maura) al Festival di Berlino, il
Golden Globe come migliore film straniero, cinque Goya (gli Oscar
spagnoli), e miglior film straniero per il New York Film Critics'
Circle. Con questo film, Fine della Prima Parte. Vai alla Seconda Parte |
End of Part 1. Go to Part 2 |
Note/Notes
(1) Noh D. 2004. "